Application Security Engineer, Amazon Application Security

Amazon

Given a binary tree, find the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of two given nodes in the tree. According to the definition of LCA on Wikipedia: “The lowest common ancestor is defined between two nodes p and q as the lowest node in T that has both p and q as descendants (where we allow a node to be a descendant of itself). For example: If the tree is [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4], p = 5, q = 1, then the expected output is 3, because the LCA of nodes 5 and 1 is 3. If the tree is [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4], p = 5, q = 4, then the expected output is 5, because the LCA of nodes 5 and 4 is 5, since a node can be a descendant of itself according to the LCA definition. If the tree is [1,2], p = 1, q = 2, then the expected output is 1. Consider these constraints: The number of nodes in the tree is in the range [2, 10^5]. -10^9 <= Node.val <= 10^9 All Node.val are unique. p != q p and q will exist in the tree.

Amazon

Let's dive into a debugging scenario. Imagine you are working on a critical e-commerce platform used by millions of customers. During a peak shopping period (like Black Friday), you receive alerts indicating a significant slowdown in the checkout process. Customers are reporting that it takes an unusually long time to complete their purchases, and some are even experiencing transaction failures. This is directly impacting sales and customer satisfaction. Your team suspects a performance bottleneck somewhere in the system. The architecture involves multiple microservices, including a user authentication service, a product catalog service, an inventory service, a payment processing service, and an order management service. These services communicate with each other via REST APIs and message queues. The database consists of both relational (PostgreSQL) and NoSQL (Redis) databases. You have access to logging, monitoring tools (like Prometheus and Grafana), and distributed tracing (like Jaeger). How would you approach debugging this issue systematically, identify the root cause, and propose a solution? Be specific about the tools and techniques you would use at each stage. For example, walk me through what metrics you'd focus on, how you would narrow down the problematic service, and what steps you'd take to pinpoint the exact code or configuration causing the bottleneck. Provide specific examples of commands or queries you might use to gather data or test hypotheses. Also consider potential causes related to scaling, caching, database performance, and code inefficiencies. How would you ensure minimal disruption to the platform during the debugging process? How do you handle conflicting information or dead ends during debugging?

Amazon

Tell me about a time you exemplified one of Amazon's leadership principles. For example, consider the 'Customer Obsession' principle. Can you describe a situation where you went above and beyond to meet a customer's needs, even when it was challenging or required you to think outside the box? What specific actions did you take, and what was the outcome? Alternatively, let's explore the 'Bias for Action' principle. Share an instance where you had to make a quick decision with limited information. What was the situation, what factors did you consider, and how did you mitigate the risks associated with acting swiftly? Or perhaps you can elaborate on a time you demonstrated 'Ownership.' Describe a project or task where you took full responsibility for the outcome, even when things didn't go as planned. How did you handle the setbacks, and what did you learn from the experience? Another good principle to discuss could be 'Invent and Simplify.' Tell me about a time you created an innovative solution to a complex problem, while keeping it simple and easy to use. What was the problem, what was your solution, and how did you ensure its simplicity? Finally, tell me about a time where you had to 'Learn and Be Curious'.