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Google

Given a tree data structure, and a set of nodes within that tree, how do you find all of their common parents? For example, consider a tree where node A is the root, and it has children B and C. Node B has children D and E, and node C has a child F. If the input set of nodes is {D, E, F}, then the common parents would be {B, C, A}. If the input set of nodes is {D, E}, then the common parents would be {B, A}. Design an algorithm to efficiently find these common parents, considering potential optimizations for different tree structures and sizes.

Google

Let's design a rate limiter. This is a crucial component in many systems to prevent abuse and ensure fair usage. Your rate limiter should meet these requirements: Functionality: It should limit the number of requests a user can make within a specific time window. For example, allow a user to make 10 requests per minute. Scalability: The rate limiter needs to handle a large number of users and requests concurrently. Imagine millions of users accessing the system. Accuracy: It should accurately track and enforce the rate limits. A small degree of error is acceptable, but significant deviations are not. Low Latency: The rate limiter must not introduce significant delays in request processing. The overhead should be minimal. Fault Tolerance: The system should continue to function correctly even if some components fail. It should be resilient to outages. Cost-Effectiveness: The solution should be cost-effective in terms of resources used (e.g., memory, CPU, network bandwidth). Consider these scenarios and constraints: Users are identified by a unique ID. The time window is configurable (e.g., seconds, minutes, hours). The rate limit is also configurable per user or group of users. You can use any data structures and algorithms you deem appropriate. Assume you have access to a distributed cache (e.g., Redis, Memcached). Walk me through your design. Discuss different approaches, their trade-offs, and how you would address the requirements. Specifically, consider the following: Data structures for storing request counts. Algorithms for incrementing and checking request counts. Handling concurrency and race conditions. Strategies for distributing the rate limiter across multiple servers. How to handle exceeding the rate limit (e.g., returning an error code). Monitoring and alerting. For example, if a user with ID user123 tries to make 11 requests within a minute when their limit is 10, the rate limiter should reject the 11th request. How would your system achieve this efficiently and reliably at scale?

Google

Why do you want to work for Google? To provide a more comprehensive answer, consider these points: Google's Mission and Values: How do Google's mission to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful align with your own values and career aspirations? Can you provide specific examples of Google's products or initiatives that resonate with you and explain why? Google's Culture of Innovation: Google is renowned for its innovative culture. What aspects of this culture appeal to you most? For instance, are you drawn to Google's emphasis on experimentation, its commitment to open-source projects, or its support for employee creativity through initiatives like 20% time? How do you believe you would contribute to and thrive in such an environment? Opportunities for Growth and Learning: Google offers numerous opportunities for professional development and learning. Are there specific technologies, teams, or projects at Google that you are particularly interested in? Have you researched specific Google teams doing work that aligns with your interests and skills? How do you envision your career progressing at Google, and what skills or knowledge do you hope to gain? Impact and Scale: Google's products and services have a global impact, reaching billions of users. How does the opportunity to work on projects with such a wide reach motivate you? Can you provide examples of how you would approach challenges related to scalability, reliability, and user experience in a global context? Specific Skills and Contributions: What specific skills and experiences do you bring that would make you a valuable asset to Google? Highlight your technical expertise, problem-solving abilities, teamwork skills, and any relevant accomplishments. For example, can you discuss a time when you successfully tackled a challenging technical problem or collaborated effectively on a complex project? By addressing these points with specific examples and demonstrating a genuine interest in Google's mission, culture, and opportunities, you can provide a compelling and insightful answer to the question of why you want to work there.