Are there any negative consequences for a referral that goes wrong?

If your referral cheats on the interview or they're extremely rude, it will reflect poorly on you.

If they don't perform well in the interview, it won't. People fail interviews all the time -- they may have gotten unlucky with a difficult question, or they just had a bad day. The decision to interview the candidate was made by the recruiter + hiring manager, so it's not your fault if the candidate fails.

Referral quality is generally tracked, yes. However, if they made it all the way past the interview, I feel like that's more of a reflection on the interviewers, not the person referring folks in.

I think it reflects badly if the referred-in candidate completely and utterly bombs the interview, like 100% falling apart at the phone screen stage. And of course, if the referral is rude during the interview, that will reflect very poorly on the referring employee as a poor judge of character.

For folks reading who are looking to get more referrals, I recommend this: "How to get referrals?"